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Classification of Human Parasites
I. PROTOZOA
1. Amebae (Intestinal)
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba moshkovskii
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba polecki
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba bütschlii
Blastocystis hominis
2. Flagellates (Intestinal)
Giardia lamblia
Chilomastix mesnili
Dientamoeba fragilis
Pentatrichomonas hominis
Enteromonas hominis
Retortamonas intestinalis
3. Ciliates (Intestinal)
Balantidium coli
4. Coccidia, Microsporidia (Intestinal)
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cryptosporidium spp.
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Cystoisospora belli
Sarcocystis hominis
Sarcocystis suihominis
Sarcocystis “lindemanni”
Microsporidia
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
5. Apicomplexa, Flagellates (Blood, Tissue)
Apicomplexa (Malaria and babesiosis)
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium knowlesi
Babesia spp.
Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes)
Old World Leishmania species
Leishmania (Leishmania) tropica
Leishmania (Leishmania) major
Leishmania (Leishmania) aethiopica
Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani
Leishmania (Leishmania) archibaldi
Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum
New World Leishmania species
Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana
Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis
Leishmania (Leishmania) pifanoi
Leishmania (Leishmania) garnhami
Leishmania (Leishmania) venezuelensis
Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis
Leishmania (Viannia) colombiensis
Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis
Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni
Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi
Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis
Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana
Leishmania (Viannia) shawi
Old World Trypanosoma species
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
New World Trypanosoma species
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma rangeli
6. Amebae, Flagellates (Other Body Sites)
Amebae
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp.
Hartmanella spp.
Balamuthia mandrillaris
Sappinia diploidea
Entamoeba gingivalis
Flagellates
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas tenax
7. Apicomplexa, Microsporidia (Other Body Sites)
Apicomplexa
Toxoplasma gondii
Microsporidia
Nosema ocularum
Pleistophora spp.
Pleistophora ronneafiei
Trachipleistophora hominis
Trachipleistophora anthropophthera
Anncaliia vesicularum
Anncaliia (Brachiola) algerae
Anncaliia (Brachiola) connori
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Encephalitozoon intestinalis
Encephalitozoon hellem
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Vittaforma corneae (Nosema corneum)
Microsporidium
II. NEMATODES (Roundworms)
1. Intestinal
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides fuelleborni
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Trichostrongylus orientalis
Trichostrongylus spp.
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
2. Tissue
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spp. (T. britovi, T. murrelli, T. nativa, T. nelsoni, T. papuae, T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabwensis)
Visceral larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati)
Ocular larva migrans (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati)
Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma braziliense or Ancylostoma caninum)
Dracunculus medinensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Angiostrongylus costaricensis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Anisakis spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)
Phocanema spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)
Contracaecum spp. (larvae from saltwater fish)
Hysterothylacium
Porrocaecum spp.
Capillaria hepatica
Thelazia spp.
Ternidens diminutus
3. Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms)
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella ozzardi
Mansonella streptocerca
Mansonella perstans
Dirofilaria immitis (usually lung lesion; in dogs, heartworm)
Dirofilaria spp. (D. tenuis, may be found in subcutaneous nodules)
III. CESTODES (Tapeworms)
1. Intestinal
Diphyllobothrium latum
Diplogonoporus spp.
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
2. Tissue (Larval Forms)
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
Echinococcus vogeli
Echinococcus oligarthrus
Multiceps multiceps
Spirometra mansonoides
Diphyllobothrium spp.
IV. TREMATODES (Flukes)
1. Intestinal
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Echinochasmus perfoliatus
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Gastrodiscoides hominis
Phaneropsolus bonnei
Prosthodendrium molenkempi
Spelotrema brevicaeca
Plagiochis spp.
Neodiplostomum seoulense
2. Liver/Lung
Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchis felineus
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Paragonimus westermani
Paragonimus mexicanus
Paragonimus kellicotti
Paragonimus africanus
Paragonimus uterobilateralis
Paragonimus miyazakii
Paragonimus caliensis
3. Blood
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma mekongi
Schistosoma malayi
Schistosoma mattheei
V. PENTASTOMIDS (TONGUE WORMS) See Arthropods below
Tissue (larval forms)
Armillifer spp.
Linguatula serrata
Sebekia spp.
Nasopharyngeal
Armillifer spp.
Linguatula serrata
VI. ACANTHOCEPHALANS (THORNY-HEADED WORMS)
Intestine
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Moniliformis moniliformis
VII. ARTHROPODS
1. Arachnida
Scorpions
Spiders (black widow, brown recluse)
Ticks (Dermacentor, Ixodes, Argas, Ornithodoros)
Mites (Sarcoptes)
2. Crustacea
Copepods (Cyclops)
Crayfish, lobsters, crabs
3. Pentastomida (Classification under review)
Tongue worms
4. Diplopoda
Millipedes
5. Chilopoda
Centipedes
6. Insecta
Phthiraptera: lice (Pediculus, Phthirus)
Blatteria: cockroaches
Hemiptera: true bugs (Triatoma)
Coleoptera: beetles
Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, etc.
Lepidoptera: butterflies, caterpillars, moths, etc.
Diptera: flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges (Phlebotomus, Aedes, Anopheles, Glossina, Simulium, etc.)
Siphonaptera: fleas (Pulex, Xenopsylla, etc.)